DEVIANCE

Introduction

Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms. Norms guide virtually all human activities, so the concept of deviance is quite broad. One category of deviance is crime; the violation of a society’s formally enacted criminal law. Even criminal deviance spans a wide range, from minor traffic violations to prostitution, sexual assault, and murder.

Most familiar examples of nonconformity are negative instances of rule breaking, such as stealing from a campus bookstore, assaulting a fellow student, or driving while intoxicated.

Not all deviance involves action or even choice. The very existence of some categories of people can be troublesome to others. All of us are subject to social control, attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior. 

Often this process is informal, as when parents praise or scold their children or when friends make fun of a classmate’s choice of music. Cases of serious deviance, however, may bring action by the criminal justice system; the organizations—police, courts, and prison officials—that respond to alleged violations of the law.

How a society defines deviance, which is branded as deviant, and what people decide to do about deviance all have to do with the way a society is organized. Only gradually, however, have people come to understand that the roots of deviance are deep in society.

Deviance is always a matter of difference. Deviance emerges in everyday life as we encounter people whose appearance or behavior differs from what we consider “normal.”    Deviance can be beneficial to society if unorthodox behavior leads to creativity or innovation. Alternatively, deviance may be harmful as in the case of crime.

The Biological Context

The human behavior to be the result of biological instincts. Early interest in criminality therefore focused on biological causes. In 1876, Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909), an Italian physician who worked in prisons, theorized that criminals stand out physically, with low foreheads, prominent jaws and cheekbones, protruding ears, hairy bodies, and unusually long arms. All in all, Lombroso claimed that criminals look like our apelike ancestors.

Biological theories offer a limited explanation of crime. The best guess at present is that biological traits in combination with environmental factors explain some serious crime. Most of the actions we define as deviant are carried out by people who are physically quite normal.

In addition, because a biological approach looks at the individual, it offers no insight into how some kinds of behaviors come to be defined as deviant in the first place. 

Therefore, although there is much to learn about how human biology may affect behavior, research currently puts far greater emphasis on social influences.

Personality Factors

Like biological theories, psychological explanations of deviance focus on individual abnormality. Some personality traits are inherited, but most psychologists think personality is shaped primarily by social experience. Deviance, then, is viewed as the result of “unsuccessful” socialization.

Psychologists have shown that personality patterns have some connection to deviance. Some serious criminals are psychopaths who do not feel guilt or shame, have no fear of punishment, and have little sympathy for the people they harm. However, as noted in the case of biological factors, most serious crimes are committed by people whose psychological profiles are normal. 

Both biological and psychological research views deviance as a trait of individuals. The reason these approaches have limited value in explaining deviance is that wrongdoing has more to do with the organization of society. We now turn to a sociological approach, which explores where ideas of right and wrong come from, why people define some rule breakers but not others as deviant, and what role power plays in this process.

The Social Foundations of Deviance

To view deviance as the free choice or personal failings of individuals, all behavior deviance as well as conformity is shaped by society.

Three social foundations of deviance identified here.

1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms. No thought or action is inherently deviant; it becomes deviant only in relation to particular norms. 

2. People become deviant as others define them that way. Everyone violates cultural norms at one time or another. For example, have you ever walked around talking to yourself or “borrowed” a pen from your workplace? Whether such behavior defines us as mentally ill or criminal depends on how others perceive, define, and respond to it.

3. Both norms and the way people define rule breaking Involve social power. The law, claimed Karl Marx, is the means by which powerful people protect their interests. A homeless person who stands on a street corner speaking out against the government risks arrest for disturbing the peace; a mayoral candidate during an election campaign doing exactly the same thing gets police protection. In short, norms and how we apply them reflect social inequality. 

The key insight of the structural-functional approach is that deviance is a necessary element of social organization. This point was made a century ago by Emile Durkheim.

Durkheim’s Basic Insight

In his pioneering study of deviance, Emile Durkheim (1964a, orig. 1893; 1964b, orig. 1895) made the surprising statement that there is nothing abnormal about deviance. In fact, it performs four essential functions:

1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.  As moral creatures, people must prefer some attitudes and behaviors to others. But any definition of virtue rests on an opposing idea of vice: There can be no good without evil and no justice without crime. Deviance is needed to define and support morality. 

2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.  By defining some individuals as deviant, people draw a boundary between right and wrong. For example, a college marks the line between academic honesty and deviance by disciplining students who cheat on exams.

3. Responding to deviance brings people together. People typically react to serious deviance with shared outrage. In doing so, Durkheim explained, they reaffirm the moral ties that bind them. For example, after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, people across the United States were joined by a common desire to protect the country and bring the perpetrators to justice.

4. Deviance encourages social change. Deviant people push a society’s moral boundaries, suggesting alternatives to the status quo and encouraging change. 

Forms of privileged class deviance

Introduction

It is general practice in sociology to regard deviant behavior as an alien element in society. Deviance is considered a vagrant form of human activity, moving outside the more orderly currents of social life.

And since this type of aberration could only occur (in theory) if something were wrong within the social organization itself, deviant behavior is described almost as if it were leakage from machinery in poor condition. it is an accidental result of disorder and anomie, a symptom of internal breakdown.

Deviant behavior is most likely to occur when the sanctions governing conduct in any given setting seem to be contradictory. This would be the case, for example, if the work rules posted by a company required one course of action from its employees and the longer range policies of the company required quite another. 

Any situation marked by this kind of ambiguity, of course, can pose a serious dilemma for the individual: if he is careful to observe one set of demands imposed upon him, he runs the immediate risk of violating some other, and thus may find himself caught in a deviant stance no matter how earnestly he tries to avoid it.

In this limited sense, deviance can be regarded a “normal” human response to “abnormal” social conditions, and the sociologist is therefore invited to assume that some sort of pathology exists within the social structure when- ever deviant behavior makes an appearance. 

Deviance can be defined as conduct which is generally thought to require the attention of social control agencies that is, conduct about which “some- thing should be done.” Deviance is not a property inherent in certain forms of behavior; it is a property conferred upon these forms by the audiences which directly or indirectly witness them. 

Types of deviances

1. Official Deviance
2. Professional Deviance
3. Police Deviance
4. Political Deviance
5. Religious Deviance
6. Gender Based Deviance

Official Deviance

The concept of official deviance refers to misconduct or unethical behavior exhibited by individuals in positions of authority within government or other official institutions. When officials abuse their powers for personal gain or engage in illegal activities, it undermines the principles of good governance and can have detrimental effects on society.

Role of Government in a Welfare State: In a welfare state, the government is primarily responsible for the well-being of its citizens, including providing social services, healthcare, education, and other forms of support. The welfare state is founded on the idea of social equity, where the state plays a key role in addressing social inequalities and promoting the welfare of its citizens.

The Perils of Official Abuse of Power: However, when officials within a welfare state abuse their powers, it can lead to a shift towards a totalitarian state. Totalitarianism is a form of government characterized by centralized control, suppression of dissent, and the concentration of power in the hands of a single ruler or ruling party. The abuse of powers by officials can erode democratic principles, violate individual rights, and concentrate power in the hands of a few, leading to authoritarianism.

Challenges of Corruption: Despite the presence of laws and regulations designed to prevent corruption and misconduct, corrupt officials may still engage in illegal activities due to various factors, such as greed, lack of oversight, weak enforcement mechanisms, or a culture of impunity. When officials act in their self-interest rather than in the public interest, it can result in a breakdown of trust in government institutions, hinder economic development, and perpetuate social injustices.

Accountability Mechanism: Addressing official deviance requires a multi-faceted approach that includes strengthening accountability mechanisms, promoting transparency, enhancing whistleblower protection, and fostering a culture of integrity within government institutions. It is crucial for societies to hold officials accountable for their actions, enforce anti-corruption measures, and uphold the rule of law to prevent the slide towards totalitarianism and preserve the principles of democracy and the welfare state.

Impact on Governance: Official deviance, particularly in the form of corruption and abuse of power, undermines the foundations of good governance. When officials prioritize personal gain over public welfare, it erodes trust in government institutions, distorts decision-making processes, and hampers the effective delivery of public services. This can lead to inefficiencies, inequality, and social unrest.

Erosion of Rule of Law: Official deviance weakens the rule of law by creating a culture of impunity where those in power believe they are above the law. When corrupt officials are not held accountable for their actions, it perpetuates a cycle of corruption and fosters a sense of injustice among the populace. Upholding the rule of law is essential for ensuring accountability, promoting justice, and safeguarding democratic principles.

Social and Economic Consequences: The prevalence of official deviance, such as embezzlement, bribery, and favoritism, can have far-reaching social and economic consequences. Corruption diverts resources away from essential services, impedes economic growth, distorts market competition, and deepens social inequalities. It hampers development efforts, undermines public trust, and stifles innovation and progress.

International Ramifications: Official deviance is not confined within national borders; it can have international repercussions as well. Corruption within governments can impact foreign investments, trade relations, and global security. It can also facilitate transnational crimes such as money laundering, human trafficking, and terrorism, posing challenges for international cooperation and stability.

Ethical Considerations: Official deviance raises important ethical questions about the responsibilities of individuals in positions of authority and the moral obligations of public servants. Upholding ethical standards, integrity, and transparency in governance is essential for fostering public trust, promoting social cohesion, and advancing the common good.

Combatting Official Deviance: Addressing official deviance requires a comprehensive approach that involves strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing transparency and accountability mechanisms, empowering oversight bodies, promoting civic engagement, and enforcing anti-corruption laws. It also necessitates building a culture of integrity, where ethical behavior is encouraged and rewarded within government and society.

Citizen Empowerment: Empowering citizens to hold officials accountable and participate in governance processes is crucial for combating official deviance. Access to information, avenues for public participation, protections for whistleblowers, and mechanisms for reporting misconduct are essential components of an empowered citizenry that can serve as a check on official deviance.

Role of Technology: Technology plays a crucial role in combating official deviance. Tools such as data analytics, blockchain, and artificial intelligence can be leveraged to enhance transparency, detect irregularities, and prevent corruption in government operations. E-governance initiatives can streamline processes, reduce opportunities for misconduct, and increase accountability in public service delivery.

International Cooperation: Addressing official deviance often requires international cooperation and coordination. Global initiatives, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and regional anti-corruption agreements, facilitate collaboration among countries to combat corrupt practices, recover stolen assets, and promote good governance on a global scale.

Capacity Building: Strengthening the capacity of institutions, including law enforcement agencies, anti-corruption bodies, and judicial systems, is essential for effectively addressing official deviance. Training programs, technical assistance, and institutional reforms can enhance the ability of these entities to investigate, prosecute, and adjudicate cases of corruption and abuse of power.

Whistleblower Protection: Safeguards for whistleblowers are critical for uncovering official deviance and holding wrongdoers accountable. Legal protections, confidentiality measures, and support mechanisms for individuals who report misconduct are essential for creating an environment where whistleblowers feel safe to come forward with information about corruption and malfeasance.

Public Awareness and Education: Raising awareness about the detrimental effects of official deviance and educating the public about their rights and responsibilities in combatting corruption are key components of anti-corruption efforts. Promoting a culture of integrity, ethical leadership, and civic engagement can help foster a sense of collective responsibility for upholding transparency and accountability in governance.

Long-Term Reforms: Addressing official deviance requires sustained commitment to long-term reforms that strengthen institutions, promote ethical behavior, and build a culture of integrity within society. Rooting out corruption and abuse of power necessitates structural changes, policy reforms, and a multi-stakeholder approach that involves government, civil society, the private sector, and international partners.

Various forms of Official Deviance

1. Bureaucrats Deviance

Nature of Bureaucrats Deviance

Arrogance and Stiff-Necked Attitude: Bureaucrats displaying arrogance and a stiff-necked attitude often exhibit a sense of entitlement and superiority, which can lead to alienation from the public they serve. Such behavior can hinder effective communication, breed resentment among citizens, and create an atmosphere of elitism within government institutions.

Arbitrary Behavior: Bureaucrats who engage in arbitrary conduct may abuse their authority, make decisions based on personal biases or preferences, and disregard established procedures and regulations. This can result in unfair treatment, inconsistent outcomes, and a lack of accountability in administrative processes.

Adherence to Excessive Formalism: Overemphasis on formalism and bureaucratic procedures can lead to inefficiencies, delays in decision-making, and bureaucratic red tape. When bureaucrats prioritize adherence to formalities over the timely delivery of services, it can frustrate citizens, impede progress, and create opportunities for corruption and rent-seeking behavior.

Red-tapism and Bribery: Red-tapism, characterized by excessive bureaucratic procedures and delays in taking action, can create opportunities for bureaucrats to demand bribes in exchange for expediting processes or providing preferential treatment. This form of corruption undermines the efficiency of public services, increases costs for citizens, and perpetuates a culture of corruption within government agencies.

Corruption and Misappropriation: Bureaucrats involved in corrupt practices, such as embezzlement, kickbacks, and bribery, divert public funds for personal gain, compromising the integrity of public institutions and undermining trust in government. Misappropriation of money and property not only results in financial losses but also erodes public confidence in the state’s ability to manage resources responsibly.

Acquiring Disproportionate Wealth: Bureaucrats who amass disproportionate wealth through illicit means, such as graft, kickbacks, or abuse of power, contribute to widening income inequalities, perpetuate social injustices, and undermine the principles of meritocracy and fairness in public service. Such behavior signals a breakdown of ethical norms and poses a threat to the integrity of governance systems.

Fearlessness Due to Political Support: Bureaucrats who enjoy political backing or protection may act with impunity, knowing they are shielded from accountability mechanisms. This sense of fearlessness can embolden deviant behaviors, discourage whistleblowing, and create a culture of impunity where unethical conduct goes unchecked, further eroding trust in government institutions.

Various forms of Bureaucrats Deviance

Tax Evasion and Fraud: Bureaucrats involved in tax and revenue collection may engage in deviant behaviors such as tax evasion, fraud, or embezzlement. This can result in substantial revenue losses for the government, impacting public services, infrastructure development, and social welfare programs.

Bribery and Corruption: Bureaucrats entrusted with tax and revenue collection may be susceptible to bribery and corruption, where they accept illicit payments in exchange for preferential treatment, tax breaks, or overlooking tax violations. This compromises the fairness and integrity of the tax system, distorts market competition, and undermines public trust in government institutions.

Abuse of Power: Bureaucrats in administrative roles wield significant power and authority in decision-making processes. Deviant behaviors such as using their positions for personal gain, favoritism, or exerting undue influence in tax matters can lead to inequitable treatment, systemic injustices, and erosion of the rule of law.

Conflict of Interest: Bureaucrats involved in tax and revenue administration may face conflicts of interest when their personal interest’s conflict with their official duties. Engaging in activities that benefit themselves or their associates at the expense of the public interest can constitute deviant behavior and raise ethical concerns.

Measures to combat bureaucrat’s deviance

Accountability and Transparency: Establishing mechanisms for accountability and transparency is essential for deterring deviant behaviors among bureaucrats. Implementing measures such as regular audits, performance evaluations, and public disclosure of financial information can help hold officials accountable for their actions and promote transparency in decision-making processes.

Ethical Training and Codes of Conduct: Providing comprehensive training on ethics, integrity, and professional conduct for bureaucrats can help instill a culture of ethical behavior within government institutions. Developing and enforcing codes of conduct that outline expected standards of behavior and consequences for violations can guide officials in upholding ethical norms and principles.

Whistleblower Protection: Creating avenues for whistleblowers to report instances of corruption, misconduct, or abuse of power without fear of retaliation is crucial for uncovering deviant behaviors within bureaucracies. Whistleblower protection laws and mechanisms can encourage individuals to come forward with information on wrongdoing and facilitate investigations into corrupt practices.

Strengthening Anti-Corruption Agencies: Empowering anti-corruption agencies with the authority, resources, and independence to investigate and prosecute cases of corruption is vital for combating deviant behaviors among bureaucrats. Enhancing collaboration between law enforcement agencies, regulatory bodies, and anti-corruption institutions can help streamline efforts to address corruption and hold perpetrators accountable.

Asset Declaration and Conflict of Interest Policies: Requiring bureaucrats to declare their assets, liabilities, and interests can help prevent conflicts of interest, illicit enrichment, and the accumulation of disproportionate wealth. Implementing strict conflict of interest policies and monitoring officials’ financial disclosures can deter corrupt practices and promote integrity in public service.

Legal Reforms and Enforcement: Enforcing existing laws and regulations that prohibit corrupt practices, misappropriation of funds, and abuse of power is essential for combating deviance among bureaucrats. Implementing legal reforms to enhance the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures, streamline legal procedures, and ensure swift and impartial justice can help deter misconduct and promote a culture of compliance within bureaucracies.

Detection and Enforcement: Strengthening mechanisms for detecting and investigating deviant behaviors among bureaucrats in tax and revenue services is crucial for ensuring accountability and preventing misconduct. Implementing effective monitoring systems, conducting regular audits, and enforcing disciplinary actions for those found engaging in corrupt practices can serve as deterrents and promote a culture of compliance.

Capacity Building and Training: Providing comprehensive training programs on ethics, compliance, and anti-corruption for bureaucrats involved in tax and revenue collection can help instill a culture of integrity and professionalism. Building the capacity of officials to understand and adhere to ethical standards, legal requirements, and best practices in tax administration is essential for promoting good governance and financial accountability.

Public Participation and Oversight: Engaging civil society organizations, taxpayers, and oversight bodies in monitoring tax and revenue collection processes can help increase transparency, detect irregularities, and hold officials accountable for their actions. Promoting public participation and providing avenues for feedback and complaints can enhance oversight and strengthen governance mechanisms in the tax administration sector.

International Cooperation: Collaboration with international organizations, such as the OECD, World Bank, and United Nations, can provide valuable resources, expertise, and best practices for combating corruption and promoting good governance in tax administration. Participating in global initiatives and anti-corruption networks can help countries strengthen their institutional capacity and enhance transparency in tax and revenue collection processes.

2. Deviance by Judges

“Deviance by judges” typically refers to situations where judges, who are meant to uphold and interpret the law impartially, engage in behaviors that deviate from ethical or legal standards. This deviation can encompass a range of actions, such as corruption, bias, or misconduct, which undermine the integrity of the judicial system.

When judges engage in deviant behavior in cases related to white-collar crime, it can have serious implications. It may lead to miscarriages of justice, erode public trust in the legal system, and allow white-collar criminals to escape accountability for their actions. Therefore, addressing and preventing deviance by judges is crucial for maintaining the fairness and effectiveness of the legal system, particularly in cases involving complex financial crimes and corporate wrongdoing.

Costly Affair of Justice: The increasing costs associated with accessing the legal system, including court fees, legal representation expenses, and other related costs, can create barriers for individuals seeking justice. The high costs involved in pursuing legal remedies may limit access to justice for marginalized or economically disadvantaged individuals, leading to disparities in the ability to seek redress through the courts.

Challenges in Seeking Justice: Delays, backlogs, procedural complexities, and inefficiencies within the judicial system can impede timely resolution of disputes and make it difficult for individuals to seek justice in a timely manner. Inadequate resources, understaffing, and administrative bottlenecks within the courts can contribute to delays and hinder the effective dispensation of justice.

Doubts About Integrity of Court Staff: Allegations of misconduct, corruption, or unethical behavior among court staff, including magistrates and judges, raise serious concerns about the integrity of the judicial system. Instances of favoritism, nepotism, or collusion within court personnel can compromise the impartiality and fairness of judicial proceedings, casting doubt on the credibility of court decisions.

Political Influences on Judges: External pressures from political actors, interest groups, or powerful individuals can influence judicial decision-making and undermine the independence of judges. Political interference in judicial appointments, case outcomes, or legal processes can jeopardize the autonomy and neutrality of the judiciary, compromising the rule of law and the separation of powers.

Acceptance of Bribes and Gifts: Judges who accept bribes, gifts, or other forms of inducements in exchange for favorable rulings or preferential treatment violate ethical standards, erode public confidence in the judiciary, and undermine the principles of justice and fairness. Corruption within the judiciary undermines the rule of law, distorts legal outcomes, and perpetuates a culture of impunity.

Improper Relationships: Maintaining personal contacts with lawyers can create conflicts of interest and raise concerns about favoritism or bias in legal proceedings.

Personal Interests: Judges allowing personal interests to influence their decisions can lead to injustices, as judgments should be based on the law and evidence rather than personal considerations.

Corruption: Judicial corruption involves judges engaging in bribery, kickbacks, or other forms of illicit financial transactions in exchange for favorable decisions. This undermines the impartiality and fairness of the judiciary, erodes public trust in the legal system, and compromises the rule of law.

Bias and Prejudice: Judges who demonstrate bias or prejudice based on factors such as race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status compromise the principles of justice and equality. Making decisions influenced by personal prejudices rather than legal principles undermines the credibility and legitimacy of the judicial system.

Conflict of Interest: Judges must avoid situations where their personal interests or relationships could influence their decision-making. Failure to disclose conflicts of interest, recuse oneself when necessary, or maintain impartiality in cases involving individuals with whom they have a personal connection is considered a form of deviance.

Abuse of Power: Misusing judicial authority to intimidate parties, engage in favoritism, or exert control over court proceedings for personal gain constitutes an abuse of power. Judges who overstep their judicial boundaries, act arbitrarily, or manipulate legal processes undermine the integrity of the judiciary.

Extrajudicial Activities: Engaging in inappropriate extrajudicial activities, such as participating in political campaigns, accepting gifts or favors that could influence judicial decisions, or making public statements that compromise judicial neutrality, can tarnish the reputation of the judiciary and raise questions about judicial independence.

Incompetence: Judges who demonstrate incompetence by consistently making erroneous legal judgments, lacking knowledge of the law, or displaying unprofessional conduct in court proceedings fail to uphold the standards of judicial competence and integrity expected of their position.

Misconduct: Engaging in unethical behavior, such as harassment, discrimination, or abuse of authority within the courtroom or judicial settings, violates professional codes of conduct and undermines public confidence in the judiciary.

Addressing deviance among judges requires robust mechanisms for accountability, transparency, and ethical oversight within the judicial system. Some strategies to prevent and address deviant behaviors among judges include:

Impartiality and Fairness: Judges are expected to be impartial and make decisions solely based on the law and evidence presented in court. Any form of bias, whether it be influenced by personal relationships, political pressure, or external favors, undermines the core principles of justice.

Rule of Law: Upholding the rule of law is essential for a just society. When judges deviate from legal norms and allow personal interests or external influences to shape their decisions, it weakens the foundation of the legal system and erodes public trust in the judiciary.

Consequences of Deviance: Deviant behavior among judges can have far-reaching consequences. It can result in miscarriages of justice, where innocent individuals are wrongly convicted or guilty parties escape accountability. This not only harms individuals directly involved in legal proceedings but also undermines the overall legitimacy of the legal system.

Public Perception: Public trust in the judiciary is essential for the functioning of a democratic society. When there are concerns about the integrity of judges and the judicial process, it can lead to a lack of confidence in the legal system, which in turn may discourage people from seeking legal redress for grievances.

Accountability: Mechanisms for accountability, such as judicial review boards, disciplinary actions for misconduct, and transparency in judicial proceedings, are essential to maintain the integrity of the judiciary.

Implementing Judicial Codes of Conduct: Establishing ethical standards and guidelines for judicial behavior to outline expected conduct and principles of integrity.

Judicial Independence: Ensuring the independence of the judiciary from undue influence, whether it be political, financial, or personal, is fundamental to upholding the rule of law. Judges must be free to make decisions based on legal principles without fear of reprisal or favoritism.

Establishing Oversight Mechanisms: Creating judicial review boards or commissions to investigate complaints of judicial misconduct and impose disciplinary actions when necessary.

Professionalism and Continuing Education: Continuous professional development and training for judges can help reinforce ethical standards and ensure that they are equipped to navigate complex legal issues while upholding the highest standards of integrity and fairness.

3. Deviance by Legislatures

Deviance by legislatures refers to the unethical and morally objectionable behaviors exhibited by lawmakers in various aspects of their roles and responsibilities. Here are detailed explanations of the deviant behaviors you highlighted:

Seeking Ministerial Posts through Unethical Means: Some legislators resort to unethical practices to secure ministerial positions, disregarding merit and integrity. Once in power, they may misuse their authority and violate moral and ethical norms for personal gain.

Involvement in Corruption: Legislators engaging in corrupt practices undermine the principles of good governance and public trust. Corruption can manifest in various forms, such as accepting bribes, kickbacks, or engaging in embezzlement of public funds.

Fund Collection from Industrialists and Businessmen: Seeking contributions from wealthy individuals or corporations during elections can lead to conflicts of interest and influence peddling. This practice may result in legislators favoring the interests of donors over the public good.

Quid Pro Quo Arrangements with Contributors: Legislators may provide favors, such as securing licenses or approvals, to donors in exchange for financial contributions. This can lead to the misuse of power for personal enrichment and create an environment of crony capitalism.

Approval of Bills for Personal Benefit: Legislators prioritizing bills solely based on personal gain or party interests instead of the welfare of the public is a betrayal of their duty to serve the people and uphold the common good.

Creation of Artificial Shortages and Price Manipulation: Artificially creating shortages of consumer goods and manipulating prices for personal profit harms the general population, leading to economic instability and social unrest.

Unethical Election Practices: Buying votes, breaking election codes of conduct, and engaging in electoral malpractices undermine the democratic process and erode the legitimacy of election outcomes.

Nepotism and Favoritism in Quota Nominations: Nominating relatives or cronies for lucrative positions or quotas without merit perpetuates nepotism and undermines the principles of fairness and equal opportunity.

Involvement in Defection and Criminal Connections: Legislators engaging in defection for personal gain and maintaining close ties with criminals compromise the integrity of legislative bodies and erode public trust in the political system.

Professional Deviance

Professional deviance refers to actions or behaviors by individuals within a profession that violate the established code of conduct, ethical standards, rules, or norms of that profession. These codes of conduct are put in place to ensure that professionals in fields such as law, medicine, journalism, education, engineering, architecture, and others adhere to a set of ethical guidelines that serve the best interests of their clients, the public, and the profession itself.

When a professional engages in behaviors that go against these established norms, it is considered professional deviance. This can range from minor infractions to serious misconduct that can harm clients, patients, students, or the public at large. Professional deviance can take many forms, such as fraud, negligence, conflicts of interest, plagiarism, breaches of confidentiality, and more.

The consequences of professional deviance can be severe, including damage to one’s reputation, loss of professional license, legal action, and even criminal charges in some cases. Maintaining the integrity of a profession is crucial for upholding public trust and ensuring the quality of services provided by professionals in their respective fields. Adhering to the codes of conduct and ethical standards set forth by each profession is essential to prevent instances of professional deviance and maintain the professionalism and credibility of the industry.

Professional deviance can erode trust in a profession and compromise the well-being of those it serves. Let’s delve into some examples of professional deviance in specific fields:

Legal Profession: Professional deviance in law can include unethical practices like conflicts of interest, dishonesty with clients, or breaching client confidentiality.

Medical Profession: Examples of deviant behavior in medicine can range from medical malpractice to overprescribing medications or engaging in inappropriate relationships with patients.

Journalism: Professional deviance in journalism can involve fabricating stories, plagiarism, or biased reporting that goes against journalistic ethics and standards.

Education: Deviant behavior in education may include cheating, falsifying academic records, or engaging in inappropriate relationships with students.

Engineering: Professional deviance in engineering could involve cutting corners in construction projects, misrepresenting data, or violating safety protocols.

Architecture: Deviant behavior in architecture might include plagiarism of designs, misrepresentation of qualifications, or failure to adhere to building codes.

Addressing and preventing professional deviance requires a commitment from professionals, regulatory bodies, and institutions to enforce ethical standards and hold individuals accountable for their actions. Regular training, oversight, and clear consequences for misconduct are essential in upholding the integrity of each profession and ensuring that professionals act in the best interest of their clients and the public.

Causes of professional deviances

Professional deviance can manifest in various ways due to a combination of individual, societal, and systemic factors. In the context of India, where a significant portion of the population faces poverty, illiteracy, and social backwardness, several unique causes contribute to professional misconduct:

Exploitation of Vulnerable Populations: Professionals may exploit the poor, illiterate, and marginalized individuals who lack awareness of their rights and legal recourse. This exploitation can range from overcharging for services to providing substandard or unnecessary treatments.

Political Nexus and Corruption: Some professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, or business owners, may cultivate relationships with politicians to secure favors or protection. In return, they may provide financial support during elections, leading to a quid pro quo arrangement that compromises ethical standards.

Client Satisfaction at Any Cost: In pursuit of profit or reputation, some professionals prioritize client satisfaction above ethical considerations. This can lead to practices such as overbilling, falsifying records, or providing substandard services to meet client demands.

Illegal Wealth Accumulation: Professionals may resort to illegal means, such as bribery, tax evasion, or embezzlement, to accumulate wealth quickly. This behavior is often driven by a desire to secure a prosperous future for their children or to maintain a certain standard of living.

Lack of Regulatory Oversight: Inadequate regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms can create an environment where professionals feel emboldened to engage in unethical practices with little fear of repercussions.

Cultural Norms and Social Pressures: Cultural acceptance of certain unethical practices or societal expectations of success can influence professionals to cut corners or engage in dishonest behaviors to achieve their goals.

Educational Disparities: Disparities in access to quality education can contribute to a lack of awareness about professional ethics and legal obligations among some professionals, leading to misconduct.

Addressing these complex causes of professional deviance in India requires a concerted effort from multiple stakeholders, including regulatory bodies, professional associations, education institutions, and civil society. Strengthening ethical education, enhancing regulatory oversight, promoting transparency, and fostering a culture of accountability are essential steps to combatting professional misconduct and upholding integrity across various professions.

1. Professional Deviance by Lawyers

Professional deviance among lawyers can have significant repercussions on the legal system and the public’s trust in the profession. Despite being considered a noble profession entrusted with upholding justice, lawyers, like professionals in other fields, can sometimes deviate from ethical and moral standards. In the context of India, where the legal profession is traditionally respected but facing challenges in terms of public perception, several factors contribute to instances of professional deviance among lawyers:

Ethical Violations

Conflict of Interest: Lawyers may face conflicts between their duty to clients and their duty to the court or public interest.  Breach of Confidentiality: Sharing confidential client information or using it for personal gain violates ethical standards.

Misrepresentation: Providing false information or misleading the court can undermine the justice system. Overbilling: Charging excessive fees or billing for unnecessary services can harm clients and erode trust.

Corruption and Nepotism

Collusion with Opposing Parties: Some lawyers may collude with the opposing party or engage in corrupt practices to influence legal outcomes. Nepotism and Favoritism: Using personal connections or influence to gain advantages in legal proceedings can compromise fairness.

Delaying Tactics and Unethical Practices: Purposeful Delays: Lawyers may engage in delaying tactics to prolong legal proceedings for financial gain or to create advantages for their clients. Unethical Bargaining: Engaging in unethical negotiations or settlements that prioritize personal gain over justice can harm the legal system’s integrity.

Lack of Accountability

Inadequate Oversight: Weak regulatory oversight and enforcement mechanisms can embolden lawyers to engage in unethical behavior with impunity.

Limited Consequences: The lack of significant consequences for ethical violations may contribute to a culture of impunity among some legal professionals.

Public Perception: Diminished Trust: Instances of professional deviance among lawyers can lead to a decline in public trust in the legal profession, impacting its perceived integrity and credibility.

Various forms of lawyers Deviance’s

Instances of professional deviance among lawyers can manifest in various forms, undermining the integrity of the legal system and compromising the principles of justice and fairness. Here are examples of deviant behaviors exhibited by some lawyers:

Fabrication of False Evidence: Lawyers may engage in the fabrication of false evidence or manipulation of facts to strengthen their case, deceiving the court and undermining the truth-seeking process.

Engaging Professional Witnesses and False Security: Some lawyers may hire professional witnesses or provide false security to bolster their arguments, misleading the court and obstructing justice.

Violating Professional Ethics and Dilatory Tactics: Lawyers may resort to unethical practices, such as using dilatory tactics in collusion with court staff, to delay proceedings or manipulate outcomes to their advantage.

Chamber Practice – Settlement for Money: In some instances, lawyers may engage in chamber practices where cases are settled in exchange for substantial sums of money, prioritizing financial gain over the interests of their clients.

Arranging Alibis and False Witnesses for Criminals: Certain criminal lawyers may arrange alibis and false witnesses for their clients, including gangsters, to secure favorable outcomes through deceitful means.

Collusion with Police Officers: Lawyers may maintain relationships with trusted police officers who assist them in unethical ways, such as accepting bribes to manipulate evidence or influence investigations.

Manipulation of Investigation Officers and Medical Officers: Lawyers may manage investigation officers and medical officers to sway case outcomes in their favor, compromising the impartiality and objectivity of legal proceedings.

Engaging Touts for Advertisement: Some lawyers may employ touts for advertising their professional services on a percentage basis, engaging in unethical marketing practices to attract clients.

Bribery of Opposing Lawyers: Lawyers may attempt to influence the opposing party’s legal representation by offering monetary incentives, compromising the integrity of the adversarial process.

Funding Litigation Against Reputed Individuals: Lawyers may provide financial support for filing frivolous or malicious litigation against reputable and wealthy individuals, using legal processes for personal gain or harassment.

Inappropriate Cross-Examination: Lawyers may ask indecent and irrelevant questions during cross-examination, particularly in sensitive cases like rape, to intimidate or embarrass victims, violating ethical norms and causing harm to vulnerable individuals.

2. Professional deviance by doctors

Doctors play a vital role in society, entrusted with the responsibility of safeguarding public health and well-being. However, like professionals in any field, doctors can sometimes deviate from ethical standards, compromising patient safety and undermining trust in the medical profession. Instances of professional deviance by doctors can have serious consequences and erode the sacred trust placed in them by patients. In India, where doctors are often revered and considered akin to gods, cases of professional deviance can be particularly distressing.

Examples of professional deviance by doctors may include:

Medical Negligence: Failure to provide appropriate care, misdiagnosis, surgical errors, or prescribing incorrect treatments can result in harm to patients.

Unnecessary Medical Procedures: Performing unnecessary surgeries, tests, or treatments for financial gain rather than patient benefit is a form of professional deviance.

Prescription Drug Abuse: Doctors abusing their authority to prescribe medications for personal use or for non-medical reasons can harm patients and violate ethical standards.

Inappropriate Relationships: Engaging in inappropriate relationships with patients, such as romantic or sexual relationships, can breach professional boundaries and ethics.

Fee Splitting: Doctors engaging in fee splitting, where they receive kickbacks for referrals to other healthcare providers or services, compromise patient care and trust.

False Medical Certificates: Providing false medical certificates or reports to enable individuals to gain undeserved benefits or privileges is a form of professional misconduct.

The Indian Medical Council (Professional Conduct, Etiquette and Ethics) Regulations, 2002, provide a comprehensive set of guidelines and standards to regulate the medical profession in India. Some key provisions of the code of ethics include:

Maintaining Professionalism: Upholding the dignity and integrity of the medical profession and treating patients with respect and compassion.

Patient Confidentiality: Safeguarding patient confidentiality and not disclosing patient information without consent, except in cases mandated by law.

Informed Consent: Ensuring that patients are adequately informed about their medical condition, treatment options, and potential risks before obtaining consent for procedures.

Professional Competence: Maintaining professional competence through continuous education and training to provide the best possible care to patients.

Avoiding Conflict of Interest: Refraining from engaging in practices that may compromise professional judgment or prioritize personal gain over patient welfare.

Adherence to Law: Complying with all relevant laws and regulations governing medical practice in India.

By adhering to these ethical standards and regulations, doctors can uphold the trust and confidence of patients and the public while ensuring the highest standard of care and professionalism in the practice of medicine. It is essential for regulatory bodies, healthcare institutions, and individual practitioners to uphold these codes of ethics to maintain the integrity and credibility of the medical profession in India.

Medical deviances can have severe repercussions, compromising patient safety, eroding trust in healthcare systems, and violating ethical and legal standards. Here are explanations of various medical deviances that can occur within the healthcare sector:

Issue of False Medical Certificates: Providing false medical certificates for financial or personal gain, such as for insurance claims or to justify absenteeism from work, is an unethical practice that undermines the credibility of healthcare professionals.

False Post-Mortem Reports: Altering or fabricating post-mortem reports can obstruct justice, mislead investigations, and prevent the accurate determination of the cause of death.

Commissions from Suppliers of Medicines: Accepting commissions or kickbacks from pharmaceutical companies or suppliers in exchange for prescribing specific medications compromises patient care and violates ethical standards.

Diversion of Medicines and Supplies: Diverting medicines and equipment meant for government hospitals to private facilities for profit jeopardizes public healthcare services and deprives patients of essential resources.

Sex Determinations and Illegal Abortions: Engaging in sex determination tests leading to gender-based abortions is illegal and unethical, perpetuating gender discrimination and violating human rights.

False Evidence in Criminal Cases: Providing false medical evidence in criminal cases can subvert justice, manipulate legal proceedings, and impact the outcome of trials.

Extortion from Patients in Government Hospitals: Extorting money from patients in government hospitals for services that should be provided free of cost exploits vulnerable individuals and undermines the principles of public healthcare.

Organized Kidney Rackets: Operating illegal kidney rackets involves trafficking organs, exploiting vulnerable individuals, and engaging in criminal activities for profit.

Fake and Misleading Advertisements: Promoting fake or misleading medical cures, cosmetics, or treatments through advertisements deceives consumers, endangers health, and violates advertising standards.

Prescribing Medicine Without Qualifications: Prescribing medications for which a doctor lacks adequate qualifications or expertise risks patient safety and contravenes professional standards.

Conducting Operations Without Proper Credentials: Performing surgeries without the necessary qualifications or training puts patients at risk of harm and violates standards of medical practice.

Providing Services to Criminals: Offering secret medical services to criminals or aiding illegal activities compromises professional integrity, abets criminal behavior, and endangers public safety.

Denying First Aid Without a Police Report: Withholding first aid treatment to an injured person pending a police report violates medical ethics, delays critical care, and endangers the well-being of individuals in need.

Addressing these medical deviances requires robust regulatory oversight, stringent enforcement of laws and ethical guidelines, professional accountability, and a commitment to upholding the highest standards of healthcare ethics and patient care. Healthcare professionals must prioritize patient welfare, adhere to ethical principles, and work towards maintaining the trust and integrity of the medical profession.

Police Deviance

The police play a crucial role in maintaining law and order, upholding justice, and ensuring public safety within a society. In India, the Indian Police Act of 1861, enacted during British colonial rule, continues to govern the police system in the country. The roles and functions of the police, as outlined in the Act and through subsequent legal and operational frameworks, are diverse and essential for the functioning of a just and secure society. Here is an overview of the key roles of the police in India:

Maintenance of Law and Order: One of the primary responsibilities of the police is to maintain law and order within their jurisdiction, ensuring that the peace is preserved, and citizens can go about their daily lives without fear of violence or disruption.

Patrolling and Surveillance: Police officers conduct patrolling and surveillance activities to deter criminal activities, respond promptly to emergencies, and ensure the safety of the community.

Preventive Functions: The police are tasked with implementing preventive measures to avert crimes and anticipate potential law and order challenges. This includes proactive policing strategies and community engagement initiatives.

Investigation of Crimes: Police officers investigate crimes, gather evidence, interview witnesses, and build cases to bring offenders to justice. Effective crime investigation is vital for ensuring that perpetrators are held accountable for their actions.

Arrest of Criminals: Police have the authority to arrest individuals suspected of committing crimes based on evidence or warrants issued by the court. Arrests are carried out in accordance with legal procedures and safeguards.

Interrogation of Offenders and Suspects: Police interrogate individuals involved in criminal activities to gather information, elicit confessions, and build a comprehensive understanding of the circumstances surrounding a crime.

Search and Seizure: Police can conduct searches of premises, vehicles, or persons based on legal grounds to seize evidence, contraband, or items related to criminal activities. These actions are carried out following due process and legal guidelines.

Assistance to Prosecution: Police play a vital role in assisting the prosecution by providing evidence, witness testimonies, and investigative support to build strong cases that can stand scrutiny in courts of law.

General Welfare Functions: In addition to law enforcement duties, the police also engage in general welfare functions such as assisting during natural disasters, managing traffic, providing assistance to the public, and ensuring public order during events.

Control of Juvenile Delinquency: Police work to prevent and address juvenile delinquency through targeted interventions, community programs, and enforcement of laws aimed at protecting the rights and well-being of minors.

The police in India, guided by the Indian Police Act of 1861 and subsequent legal provisions, play a multifaceted role in maintaining the rule of law, protecting citizens, preventing crimes, and upholding justice. Efforts to modernize and reform the policing system to align with contemporary needs and human rights standards are ongoing to ensure effective and accountable law enforcement practices in the country.

Deviance by police officers involves a range of unethical and unlawful behaviors that undermine the rule of law, violate human rights, and erode public trust in law enforcement institutions. Here is an elaboration on various forms of police deviance, including police atrocities and unconstitutional methods, as well as specific instances from notable legal cases:

Police Atrocities and Unconstitutional Methods

“Police atrocities” refer to severe and brutal acts of violence, abuse, or misconduct committed by law enforcement officers against individuals or communities. These actions often involve egregious violations of human rights, disregard for established laws and procedures, and infliction of harm or suffering on vulnerable populations. Here are some key aspects related to police atrocities:

Excessive Use of Force: One common form of police atrocity is the unjustified or disproportionate use of force by officers during interactions with civilians. This can include beatings, shootings, or other violent actions that go beyond what is necessary to maintain order or ensure safety.

Torture and Cruel Treatment: Police atrocities may involve the torture, cruel treatment, or inhumane conditions inflicted on individuals in police custody. This can include physical abuse, psychological torment, or deprivation of basic needs such as food, water, or medical care.

Extrajudicial Killings: Instances where law enforcement officers engage in unlawful killings outside the bounds of legal procedures or due process. Extrajudicial killings violate the right to life and represent a grave abuse of power by those entrusted with upholding the law.

Custodial Abuse and Violence: Police atrocities can also manifest through acts of abuse, violence, or sexual assault perpetrated by officers against detainees or individuals in police custody. Such abuses violate the rights and dignity of those under police control.

Discriminatory Practices: Atrocities committed by police may involve discriminatory practices that target specific groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, religion, or social status. Discriminatory policing can lead to systemic abuses and injustices within communities.

Unlawful Detentions and Disappearances: Police atrocities may include arbitrary or unlawful detentions, enforced disappearances, or the illegal holding of individuals without due process or legal justification. These actions violate fundamental rights and undermine the rule of law.

Systemic Abuses and Cover-ups: In some cases, police atrocities are not isolated incidents but are part of broader patterns of abuse and corruption within law enforcement agencies. Cover-ups, lack of accountability, and impunity can perpetuate a culture of violence and misconduct

Corruption: Involvement in bribery, extortion, kickbacks, or other forms of illicit financial gain. Cases of officers colluding with criminals, accepting bribes to overlook illegal activities, or engaging in embezzlement.

Fabrication of Evidence: Falsifying reports, planting evidence, or providing false testimony to secure convictions. Instances where officers manipulate or fabricate evidence to bolster a case against an individual.

Sexual Misconduct: Sexual harassment, coercion, assault, or exploitation of individuals, including suspects, victims, or colleagues. Cases of sexual abuse, harassment, or inappropriate relationships by officers in positions of power.

Unlawful Searches and Seizures: Violating individuals’ rights by conducting searches without probable cause, warrants, or consent. Illegal seizures of property, invasion of privacy, or unauthorized searches of vehicles or residences.

Encounter Killings: Encounter killings are often justified as acts of self-defense by the police to prevent dangerous criminals from escaping and causing harm to society. However, there have been cases where encounters have been staged or manipulated for ulterior motives, leading to fake encounters.

Notable encounters like those of Manohar Arjun Surve and Anand Pande have raised concerns about extrajudicial killings and the misuse of police power.

Fake Encounters: In cases of fake encounters, police personnel engage in unlawful practices, such as accepting bribes, to stage encounters and justify killings. These acts compromise the integrity of law enforcement agencies and violate the rights of individuals.

Instances like the Ishrat Jahan fake encounter in 2004 involving allegations of police misconduct and extrajudicial killings serve as stark examples of police deviance.

Custodial Abuses and Gender-Based Violence: Tukaram and Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (1979):

The custodial rape of Mathura in 1972 resulted in public outrage and eventually led to amendments in Indian rape laws, including specific provisions to address custodial rape and hold perpetrators accountable.

In this case, a 16-year-old tribal girl working as a maid servant was raped inside a police station while her relatives waited outside. Such incidents of custodial abuse highlight the vulnerability of individuals in police custody and the urgent need for safeguards against misconduct.

Maya Tyagi Case: The brutal assault on Ishwar Tyagi’s pregnant wife, Maya Tyagi, by police officers in 1980 underscores the heinous nature of custodial abuses and gender-based violence perpetrated by those entrusted with upholding the law.

Selective Enforcement: Applying laws or regulations unevenly based on personal biases, relationships, or other non-legal factors. Instances where officers choose to enforce or ignore laws based on personal preferences or prejudices.

Misuse of Authority: Abusing power or authority for personal gain, intimidation, or retaliation. Cases where officers engage in harassment, threats, or coercion to exert control over individuals or communities.

Misconduct in Investigations: Tampering with evidence, influencing witnesses, or obstructing justice during criminal investigations. Cases where officers engage in cover-ups, perjury, or other misconduct to manipulate the outcome of investigations.

Political Deviance

Political deviance is a broad concept, less frequently invoked than the concept of political crime. It can be perpetrated by those in power, in the name of the state or individually, or by those struggling to effect social change. Political deviance is a across the board perception which is the greater part of the circumstances identified with the political deviance. The majority of the circumstances, it is rehearsed by the people who are in expert. Political deviance is executed in the position of administration or people attempting to have changes in social changes. It concentrates on implies that will ascribe to fear-based oppression and furthermore defiance with the guide of social equality. There are the presumptions of obligation by people to accomplish them represents diverse reasons and purposes. The presumptions of obligations are qualities with the dubious origination which is as the results of the ground of legislative issues.

Criminalization of Politics

Criminalization of politics refers to the infiltration of criminal elements into the political sphere, where individuals with criminal backgrounds or associations seek or hold political office. This phenomenon can undermine the integrity of governance, weaken democratic institutions, and lead to the prioritization of personal interests over public welfare.

Political Control over the Police

When politicians exert undue influence over law enforcement agencies, it can result in compromised investigations, selective enforcement of laws, and erosion of the rule of law. Political control over the police undermines the impartiality and effectiveness of law enforcement, leading to a breakdown in accountability and justice.

Money Root Problem

The pervasive influence of money in politics poses a significant challenge to the democratic process. Excessive campaign spending, lobbying, and corporate influence can distort policy priorities, marginalize the interests of ordinary citizens, and perpetuate inequalities in representation and decision-making.

Corruption

Corruption, the abuse of entrusted power for private gain, is a pervasive issue in many societies. It undermines public trust in institutions, distorts economic opportunities, diverts resources from essential services, and perpetuates systemic inequalities. Combatting corruption requires robust legal frameworks, transparency, and accountability mechanisms.

Power Greed & Abuse of Power

The insatiable pursuit of power and the abuse of authority can have far-reaching consequences, including human rights violations, erosion of democratic principles, and social unrest. When leaders prioritize personal gain over the welfare of their constituents, it can lead to systemic injustices, disenfranchisement, and the consolidation of authoritarian regimes.

Propaganda and Misinformation

The deliberate spread of misleading information, propaganda, and disinformation can manipulate public opinion, polarize societies, and undermine the credibility of factual sources. In the digital age, the rapid dissemination of false narratives poses a significant threat to democratic discourse, social cohesion, and informed decision-making.

Vote Buying and Electoral Fraud

Electoral malpractices such as vote buying, coercion, and electoral fraud subvert the democratic process by compromising the integrity of elections. These practices distort the representation of citizens’ preferences, undermine the legitimacy of elected officials, and erode public confidence in the electoral system.

Misuse of State Resources

The misuse of state resources for personal or political gain is a form of corruption that can drain public coffers, limit access to essential services, and perpetuate inequalities. When public funds, infrastructure, or personnel are diverted for private interests, it undermines the efficiency of government operations and weakens the social contract between the state and its citizens.

Deviance of Religious Leaders and Organizations

Religious leaders and organizations can also engage in deviant behavior. Here are some examples of deviance within this context:

Financial Misconduct & Impropriety

Embezzlement: Diverting funds meant for charitable purposes for personal gain.

Fraud: Misrepresenting financial information or engaging in deceptive practices for financial benefit.

Excessive Personal Enrichment: Living lavishly at the expense of followers’ donations.

Sexual Misconduct

Sexual Abuse: Engaging in sexual exploitation or abuse of followers, particularly vulnerable individuals.

Adultery: Violating moral or religious codes by engaging in extramarital relationships.

Sexual Harassment: Subjecting followers to unwelcome sexual advances or behavior.

Authoritarianism

Spiritual Abuse: Using religious teachings to manipulate, control, or harm followers emotionally, psychologically, or physically.

Cult-like behavior: Some religious leaders or organizations may exhibit cult-like behavior, exerting excessive control over their followers and engaging in manipulative practices. This can include isolating members from their families, demanding unquestioning loyalty, or engaging in coercive tactics.

Hypocrisy

Discrepancy Between Preaching and Practice: Acting in ways contrary to the teachings or values preached to followers.

Double Standards: Holding followers to different moral standards than those practiced by leaders.

Extremism and Radicalization

Religious extremism: Some religious leaders or organizations may promote extremist ideologies or engage in violent acts, which deviate from the peaceful teachings of their religion.

Incitement to Violence: Advocating or promoting violent or extremist ideologies in the name of religion.

Terrorism: Using religious justifications to carry out acts of violence or terrorism.

Discrimination and Intolerance

Homophobia, Transphobia, or Xenophobia: Promoting hatred or discrimination against individuals based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, or nationality.

Religious Intolerance: Preaching hatred or violence towards individuals of other faiths or beliefs.

Criminal Activities

Money Laundering: Using religious institutions to launder money obtained through illegal activities.

Human Trafficking: Exploiting followers or others for forced labor or commercial sex acts.

Discrimination: Religious leaders or organizations may discriminate against certain groups based on their religious beliefs, ethnicity, or other factors, which goes against principles of equality and inclusivity.

Misuse of power: Religious leaders who abuse their authority, exploit their followers, or engage in corrupt practices deviate from their expected role as moral guides.

Violation of human rights: Religious leaders or organizations that support or engage in practices that violate basic human rights, such as forced conversions or discrimination, deviate from societal norms and ethical standards.

Doctrinal deviations: Deviance can also be seen in religious leaders or organizations that deviate from established religious doctrines or teachings. This can involve the promotion of unorthodox beliefs or practices that are not accepted by the larger religious community.

Gender Based Deviance

Gender-based deviance in India manifests through various forms of aggression and discrimination that are deeply entrenched in social, economic, and political structures. Here is a detailed explanation of these aspects:

Social Aggression and Discrimination

Female Feticide: This practice involves the selective abortion of female fetuses due to a preference for male children, leading to a skewed sex ratio and perpetuating gender inequality.

Dowry Deaths: Women are subjected to harassment, abuse, and even murder by their in-laws due to disputes over dowry payments, highlighting the commodification of women in marriage.

Trafficking of Women and Young Girls: Vulnerable individuals are trafficked for forced labor, sexual exploitation, and marriage, often due to poverty, lack of opportunities, and systemic vulnerabilities.

Rape and Sexual Assault: Women and girls face high rates of sexual violence, with cases ranging from domestic abuse to assaults in public spaces, reflecting power dynamics and societal attitudes toward women’s autonomy.

Domestic Violence: Women experience physical, emotional, and psychological abuse within intimate relationships, perpetuating cycles of violence and control.

Economic Aggression and Discrimination

Wage Disparities: Women are often paid less than men for the same work, leading to economic disparities and limiting women’s financial independence.

Limited Job Opportunities: Women face barriers to accessing certain professions and leadership roles, constraining their economic empowerment and career advancement.

Exploitation in Informal Sectors: Women working in informal sectors often endure exploitative working conditions, low wages, and lack of job security, exacerbating economic vulnerabilities.

Political Aggression and Discrimination

Underrepresentation: Women are often underrepresented in political leadership positions, resulting in a lack of gender-sensitive policies and a limited focus on issues affecting women.

Inadequate Legal Framework: Despite legal protections, enforcement mechanisms may be weak, leading to impunity for perpetrators and hindering justice for victims of gender-based violence.

Other Forms of Discrimination

Sexual Harassment at Workplace: Women frequently experience harassment and discrimination in professional settings, creating hostile work environments and impeding career growth.

Healthcare Disparities: Women may face barriers in accessing quality healthcare services, including reproductive health care and mental health support, impacting their overall well-being.

Education Disparities: Girls may encounter obstacles in pursuing education due to cultural norms and economic constraints, limiting their opportunities for personal development and empowerment.

Intersectionality and Multiple Marginalization’s

Caste-Based Discrimination: Intersectionality compounds gender-based discrimination, particularly for women from lower castes who face multiple layers of oppression and marginalization.

Regional Disparities: Gender-based deviance varies across regions in India, influenced by cultural norms, socioeconomic factors, and access to resources, highlighting the need for context-specific interventions.

Minority Women: Women from minority communities often face discrimination based on both gender and religious identity, exacerbating their vulnerability to various forms of violence and marginalization.

Cultural Factors and Norms

Patriarchal Traditions: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms perpetuate inequalities and restrict women’s autonomy, shaping societal expectations and behaviors around gender roles.

Norms of Honor and Shame: Concepts of honor and shame are used to control women’s behavior and restrict their freedoms, leading to the perpetuation of violence and discrimination.

Family Dynamics: Family structures and dynamics play a significant role in perpetuating gender-based deviance, with rigid gender roles and power imbalances influencing individual experiences within households.

Social Attitudes and Stigma:

Stigma and Victim Blaming: Social stigma and victim blaming often deter survivors from reporting incidents of gender-based violence, perpetuating cycles of abuse and hindering efforts to seek justice.

Normalization of Violence: Normalization of gender-based violence in society contributes to a culture of silence, where acts of aggression and discrimination are accepted as the norm rather than challenged.

Mental Health Impacts: Gender-based deviance has profound psychological effects on individuals, leading to trauma, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues that require support and intervention.